https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1247
Effects of different levels of mulch and irrigation on growth traits and essential oil content of basil
Submitted: 13 March 2018
Accepted: 16 October 2019
Published: 22 July 2020
Accepted: 16 October 2019
Abstract Views: 1194
PDF: 824
HTML: 92
HTML: 92
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Ocimum basilicum L. is an herbaceous plant from the Labiate family that used fresh, as a spice, and as a medicinal plant. Mulch is technique capable of reducing evaporation from the surface of the soil in basil production systems; it has more impacts on yield and essential oil quality of a basil crop. This research was performed in order to study the effects of different mulch types and irrigation regimes on various growth parameters and the essential oil content of basil. Treatments included two mulch types (black plastic, wood chips, and control) and three irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of water requirements, calculated by evaporation pan class A), following a randomised complete block design with four replications. Results showed that the effect of irrigation on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf relative water content, leaf area, and essential oil yield was significant (P<0.05). The effect of mulch on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, inter-node distance, number of branches, and essential oil yield was significant (P<0.05). Interaction between irrigation and mulch on inter-node distance, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area was significant (P<0.05). This study identified wood chips as the best mulch treatment. The highest dry weight yield (38.35 g/plant) and the highest essential oil yield (82.83 L/ha) resulted when wood chip mulch was used in combination with irrigation at 100% of the water requirement. This combination also resulted in the highest water productivity in basil production.
Highlights
- Different levels of irrigation alone did not always increase plant growth and yield of basil.
- Different levels of mulch alone did not always increase plant growth and yield of basil.
- Different levels of irrigation and mulch in combination used, increased, growth and essential oil yield of basil.
- This study identified wood chips as the best mulch treatment.
- The highest essential oil yield resulted with wood chip mulch and irrigation at 100% of the water requirement.
Abbaszadeh B, Sharifi Ashourabadi E, Lebaschi MH, Naderi hajibagher Kandyand M, Moghadami F, 2008. The effect of drought stress on proline contents, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and relative water contents of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Iranian J. Med & Aroma Plants. 23(4): 504-513.
Adnan M, Zahir S, Fahad S, Arif M, Mukhtar A, Imtiaz AK, Ishaq AM, Abdul B, Hidayat U, Muhammad A, Inayat-Ur R, Saud S, Muhammad ZI, Yousaf J, Amanullah Hafiz MH, Wajid N, 2018. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria nullify the antagonistic effect of soil calcification on bioavailability of phosphorus in alkaline soils. Sci. Rep. 8:4339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22653-7
Aziz K, Daniel KYT, Fazal M, Muhammad ZA, Farooq S, Fan W, Fahad S, Ruiyang Z, 2017a. Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Environ Sci. Pollut. Res. 24: 23471–23487.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0131-y
Aziz K, Daniel KYT, Muhammad ZA, Honghai L, Shahbaz AT, Mir A, Fahad S, 2017b. Nitrogen fertility and abiotic stresses management in cotton crop: a review. Environ Sci. Pollut. Res. 24:14551–14566.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8920-x
Baher Nik Z, Rezaee MB, Ghorbanli M, Asgari F, Araghi MK, 2004. Research on the changes of metabolism in response to water stress in Satureja hortensis L. Iranian J. Med & Aroma Plants Res. 20(3): 263-275.
Castila N, Gallego A, Cruz-Romero G, 2008. Greenhouse melon response to plastic mulch. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 458: International Symposium on Water Quality and Quantity-Greenhouse. Tenerife, Spain.
Fahad S, Bano A, 2012. Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize grown in saline area. Pak. J. Bot. 44: 1433–1438.
Fahad S, Chen Y, Saud S,Wang K, Xiong D, Chen C,Wu C, Shah F, Nie L, Huang J, 2013. Ultraviolet radiation effect on photosynthetic pigments, biochemical attributes, antioxidant enzyme activity and hormonal contents of wheat. J. Food, Agri. Environ.11(3&4): 1635–1641
Fahad S, Hussain S, Bano A, Saud S, Hassan S, Shan D, Khan FA, Khan F, Chen Y, Wu C, Tabassum MA, Chun MX, Afzal M, Jan A, Jan MT, Huang J, 2014a. Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment. Environ Sci. Pollut. Res. 22(7): 4907– 4921.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3754-2
Fahad S, Hussain S, Matloob A, Khan FA, Khaliq A, Saud S, Hassan S, Shan D, Khan F, Ullah N, Faiq M, Khan MR, Tareen AK, Khan A, Ullah A, Ullah N, Huang J, 2014b. Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: a review. Plant Growth Regul. 75(2):391– 404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-0013-y
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Tanveer M, Bajwa AA, Hassan S, Shah AN, Ullah A, Wu C, Khan FA, Shah F, Ullah S, Chen Y, Huang J, 2015a. A biochar application protects rice pollen from high-temperature stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 96:281–287
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.009
Fahad S, Nie L, Chen Y, Wu C, Xiong D, Saud S, Hongyan L, Cui K, Huang J, 2015b. Crop plant hormones and environmental stress. Sustain Agric. Rev. 15:371–400.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09132-7_10
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Chauhan BS, Khan F, 2016a. Responses of rapid viscoanalyzer profile and other rice grain qualities to exogenously applied plant growth regulators under high day and high night temperatures. PLoS One. 11(7): e0159590.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159590
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Khan F, Hassan S, Jr A, Nasim W, Arif M, Wang F, Huang J, 2016b. Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat-stressed rice pollens. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 202:139– 150
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12148
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Ihsan Z, Shah AN,Wu C, Yousaf M, Nasim W, Alharby H, Alghabari F, Huang J, 2016c. Exogenously applied plant growth regulators enhance the morphophysiological growth and yield of rice under high temperature. Front Plant. Sci.7:1250.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01250
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Tanveer M, Ihsan MZ, Shah AN, Ullah A, Nasrullah KF, Ullah S, AlharbyH NW, Wu C, Huang J, 2016d. A combined application of biochar and phosphorus alleviates heat-induced adversities on physiological, agronomical and quality attributes of rice. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 103:191–198
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.001
Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, Sadia S, NasimW, Adkins S, Saud S, Ihsan MZ, Alharby H,Wu C,Wang D, Huang J (2017) Crop production under drought and heat stress: Plant responses and Management Options. Front Plant. Sci. 8:1147.
Hafiz MH, Wajid F, Farhat A, Fahad S, Shafqat S, Wajid N, Hafiz FB, 2016. Maize plant nitrogen uptake dynamics at limited irrigation water and nitrogen. Environ Sci. Pollut. Res. 24(3): 2549–2557.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8031-0
Harisaranraj R, Prasitha R, Babu SS, Suresh K, 2008. Analysis of Inter-species relationships of Ocimum species using RAPD Markers. Ethnobot. Leaflets. 12: 609-613.
Hasani A, Omid Bighi R, Heydari Sharifabad H, 2003. Effect of different moisture content on growth, yield and accumulation Compatibility Metabolites in Basil Plant. Soil & Water Sci. (17) 2: 218-228.
Hassani A, 2006. Effect of water deficit stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica. Iranian J. Med &Aroma Plants. 22(3): 256-261.
Jensen MH, Malter AJ, 2009. Protected Agriculture-A Global Review. World Bank Publications, 157p.
Johnson LUE, 2000. Factors affecting growth and the yield of oil in Spanish thyme (Lippia micromera Schou). University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 264p.
Kochaki A, Nasiri Mahallati M, 2000. Ecology of crops, Jalalul, Mashhad University Press. 291 pages.
Mirsa A, Strivastava NK, 2000. Influence of water stress on Japanese mint. J. Herbs, Spices & Med. Plants. 7: 51-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v07n01_07
Mitchell AR, Yang CL, 2001. Irrigation of peppermint for optimal yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 62(5): 1405-1409.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050037x
Omidibi R, Sarvestani M, 2010. Effect of Drought Stress on Some Morphological Traits, Volume and Function of Essential Oil of Mexican Flower. J. Hort. (2) 41: 153-161.
Pirzad AR, Aliari H, Shakiba MR, Zehtab Salmasi SA, Mohammadi SA, 2008. Effects of Irrigation and Plant Density on Water Consumption Efficiency in the Production of German Chamomile Capitol. Agric. Knowledgement. (4) 18: 81-91.
Ram D, Ram M, Singh R, 2006. Optimization of water and nitrogen application to menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) through sugarcane trash mulch in a sandy loam soil of semi-arid subtropical climate. Bio Res. Technol. 97(7): 886-893.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.047
Saxena A, Singh GN, 2005. Effect of irrigation, mulch and nitrogen on yield and composition of Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyx var. piperascens) oil. J. Agron & Crop Sci. 175(3):183-188.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1995.tb00209.x
Shao HB, Chu LY, Jaleel CA, Zha CX, 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Current Res. Biol. 331(3): 215-225.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.01.002
Shrivastava PK, Parikh MM, Sawani NG, Raman S, 2004. Effect of drip irrigation and mulching on tomato yield. Agric & Water Management. 25(2): 179-184.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)90044-2
Singh MK, Saini SS, 2008. Planting date, mulch, and herbicide rate effects on the growth, yield, and physicochemical properties of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis). Weed Technol. 22: 691- 698.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-08-027.1
Sönmez O, Turan V, Kaya C, 2016. The effects of sulfur, cattle, and poultry manure addition on soil phosphorus. Turk J Agri Forestry. 40(4): 536–541.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1601-41
Turan V, Ramzani PMA, Ali Q, Irum A, KhanWUD, 2017. Alleviation of nickel toxicity and an improvement in zinc bioavailability in sunflower seed with chitosan and biochar application in pH adjusted nickel contaminated soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 64(8):1053–1067.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1410542
TuranV, Khan SA, Mahmoodur R, PMA R, Fatima M, 2018. Promoting the productivity and quality of brinjal aligned with heavy metals immobilization in a wastewater irrigated heavy metal polluted soil with biochar and chitosan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 161:409–419.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.082
How to Cite
Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, F. . (2020). Effects of different levels of mulch and irrigation on growth traits and essential oil content of basil. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(3), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1247
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
