Effects of seed pre-soaking on bioactive phytochemical levels of wheat and barley microgreens grown under hydroponics versus organic soil conditions

Published: 3 May 2023
Abstract Views: 998
PDF: 743
HTML: 137
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

  • Mohammad Zahirul Islam Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea, Republic of.
  • Buem-Jun Park Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea, Republic of.
  • Young-Tack Lee ytlee@gachon.ac.kr Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea, Republic of.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of seed presoaking on bioactive phytochemicals in barley and wheat microgreens grown under two different growing media, i.e., hydroponics and organic soil. Microgreens were cultivated for 12 days in a plant growth chamber consistent with the following: light-dark interval (12/12 hours), light-dark temperature (20/15°C), light intensity (150 μmol‧m–2‧s–1), and relative humidity (60%). Both wheat and barley microgreens grown in organic soil from presoaked seeds showed increased levels of bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, total vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Antioxidant activities [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity] and antioxidant enzymes (catalase activity, glutathione reductase, and guaiacol peroxidase activity) were highest in both barley and wheat microgreens grown in organic soil from pre-soaked seeds.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Aebi HE, 1983. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Verlag Chemie, John Wiley and Sons. pp. 273-86.
Benincasa P, Falcinelli B, Lutts S, Stagnari F, Galieni A, 2019. Sprouted grains: a comprehensive review. Nutrients11:421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020421
Benincasa P, Galieni A, Manetta AC, Pace R, Guiducci M, Pisante M, Stagnari F, 2015. Phenolic compounds in grains, sprouts and wheatgrass of hulled and non-hulled wheat species. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95:1795-803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6877
Brockhagen B, Schoden F, Storck JL, Grothe T, Eßelmann C, Böttjer R, Rattenholl A,Gudermann F, 2021. Investigating minimal requirements for plants on textile substrates in low-cost hydroponic systems. AIMS Bioeng. 8:173-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2021016
Bulgari R, Negri M, Santoro P, Ferrante A, 2021.Quality evaluation of indoor-grown microgreens cultivated on three different substrates. Horticulturae 7:96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050096
Carlberg I, Mannervik B,1975. Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5475-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41206-4
Choe U, Yu LL, Wang TT, 2018. The science behind microgreens as an exciting new food for the 21st century. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66:11519-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03096
Emmons CL, Peterson DM, Paul GL, 1999. Antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena sativa L.) extracts. 2. In vitro antioxidant activity and contents of phenolic and tocol antioxidants. J. Agric. Food Chem.47:4894-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990530i
Galieni A, Falcinelli B, Stagnari F, Datti A, Benincasa P, 2020. Sprouts and microgreens: trends, opportunities, and horizons for novel research. Agronomy 10:1424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091424
Gao J, Luo Q, Sun C, Hu H, Wang F, Tian Z, Jiang D, Cao, Dai T, 2019. Low nitrogen priming enhances photosynthesis adaptation to water-deficit stress in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Front. Plant Sci. 10:818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00818
Han SJ, Choi I-L, Kim JY, Wang L, Lee JH, Choi KY, Kim Y, Islam MZ, Lee YT, Kang HM, 2019. Various light quality including QD-LED affect growth and leaf color of red romaine baby leaf lettuce. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj-Nap. 47:757-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311580
Islam MZ, Yu DS, Lee YT, 2019. The effect of heat processing on chemical composition and antioxidative activity of tea made from barley sprouts and wheat sprouts. J. Food Sci. 84:1340-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14585
Kato H, Lee IE, Chuyen NV, Kim SB, Hayase F, 1987. Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by nondialyzable melanoidins. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:1333-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1987.10868212
Lemmens E, Moroni AV, Pagand J, Heirbaut P, Ritala A, Karlen Y, Lê KA, Van den Broeck HC, Brouns FJPH, De Brier N, Delcour JA, 2018. Impact of cereal seed sprouting on its nutritional and technological properties: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf.18:305-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12414
Moran R, 1982. Formulate for determination of chlorophyllous pigments extracted with N, N-dimethylformamide. Plant Physiol. 69:1376-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.69.6.1376
Phillips MA, León P, Boronat A, Rodríguez-Concepción M, 2008. The plastidial MEP pathway: unified nomenclature and resources. Trends Plant Sci. 13:619-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.09.003
Pietruszewski S, 1999. Influence of pre-sowing magnetic biostimulation on germination and yield of wheat. Int. Agrophys. 13:241-4.
Putter J, 1974. Peroxidase. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Verlag Chemie, John Wiley and Sons. pp. 273-86. pp. 685-90.
Santos-Sánchez NF, Salas-Coronado R, Hernández-Carlos B, Villanueva-Cañongo C, 2019. Shikimic acid pathway in biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. In: Soto-Hernández M, García-Mateos R, Palma-Tenango M (eds). Plant physiological aspects of phenolic compounds. London, UK: IntechOpen.
Sharma N, Acharya S, Kumar K, Singh N, Chaurasia O, 2018. Hydroponics as an advanced technique for vegetable production: an overview. J. Soil Water Conserv. 17:364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00056.5
Shewry PR, Hey SJ, 2015. The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food Energy Secur. 4:178-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.64
Shi MZ, Xie DY, 2014. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 8:47-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1872208307666131218123538
Siddique A, Kumar P, 2018. Physiological and biochemical basis of pre-sowing soaking seed treatment - an overview. Plant Arch. 18:1933-7.
Singkhornart S, Ryu G-H. 2011. Effect of soaking time and steeping temperature on biochemical properties and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of germinated wheat and barley. J. Food Sci. Nutr.16:67-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2011.16.1.067
Siracusa L, Gresta F, Sperlinga E, Ruberto G, 2017. Effect of sowing time and soil water content on grain yield and phenolic profile of four buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) varieties in a Mediterranean environment. J. Food Compos. Anal. 62:1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.005
Thakur P, Kumar K, Ahmed N, Chauhan D, Eain Hyder Rizvi QU, Jan S, Singh TP, Dhaliwal HS, 2021. Effect of soaking and germination treatments on nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), quinoa (Chenopod quinoa L.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.). Curr. Res. Food Sci.1:917-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.11.019
Toro MT, Ortiz J, Becerra J, Zapata N, Fierro P, Illanes M, López MD, 2021. Strategies of elicitation to enhance bioactive compound content in edible plant sprouts: a bibliometric study. Plants 10:2759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122759
Wang X, Liu H, Yu F, Hu B, Jia Y, Sha H, Zhao H, 2019. Differential activity of the antioxidant defence system and alterations in the accumulation of osmolyte and reactive oxygen species under drought stress and recovery in rice (Oryza sativa L.) tillering. Sci. Rep. 9:8543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44958-x
Wojdyło A, Nowicka P, Tkacz K, Turkiewicz IP, 2020. Sprouts vs. microgreens as novel functional foods: variation of nutritional and phytochemical profiles and their in vitro bioactive properties. Molecules 25:4648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204648
Xiao Z, Lester GE, Luo Y, Wang Q, 2012. Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: edible microgreens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:7644-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300459b
Yao X, Chu J, Wang G, 2009. Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.130:283-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8328-7
Zeng Y, Pu X, Yang J, Du J, Yang X, Li X, Li L, Zhou Y, Yang T, 2018. Preventive and therapeutic role of functional ingredients of barley grass for chronic diseases in human beings. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018:3232080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3232080
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W, 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64:555-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2

How to Cite

Islam, M. Z., Park, B.-J., & Lee, Y.-T. (2023). Effects of seed pre-soaking on bioactive phytochemical levels of wheat and barley microgreens grown under hydroponics <em>versus</em> organic soil conditions. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2183