https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2192
Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hazelnut production
Published: 7 August 2023
Abstract Views: 397
PDF: 319
HTML: 97
HTML: 97
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
This study examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hazelnut cultivation. Data were obtained from 196 hazelnut farmers in Turkey. Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics and satisfaction with COVID-19 precautions are compared by geographical region. Exploratory factor analysis is used to examine the impact of COVID-19, with comparisons made before and during the pandemic via a paired-sample t-test. The results indicate that, despite having similar socioeconomics and farm assets, farmers in Ordu and Sakarya were differently affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Fertilization costs increased by 60.5%, pesticide costs by 64.4%, and labor wages by 19.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas hazelnut sales prices only increased by 5.2%. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 can be explained across 4 dimensions: timing issues, increase in input prices, inability to access financial resources and logistics issues. To generalize the results, it may be appropriate to select similar farmers in different regions and compare monetary values in real terms. In particular, farmers’ increased interest in digital resources due to the pandemic should be considered an opportunity for digital transformation in agricultural extension.
Adav RV, Kshirsagar PJ, Manerikar SS, Malave DB, Mhatugade SA, 2022. Economic impact of COVID-19 on mango production and marketing in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state. Pharma Innovation. 11: 862-867.
Adhikari J, Timsina J, Khadka SR, Ghale Y, Ojha H, 2021. COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs. Agric. Syst. 186:102990.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102990
Ahmed JU, Akter S, Majumder KA, 2021. Impact of COVID‐19 on agricultural production and distribution in South Asia. World Food Policy, 7:168-182.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wfp2.12032
Akaninyene O, Maurice O, Temple N, Ngozi O, 2022. Knowledge, attitude and perception of smallholder farmers on corona virus pandemic in Nigeria. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 17:34-39.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2022.34.39
Alam GM, Khatun MN, 2021. Impact of COVID-19 on vegetable supply chain and food security: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Plos One, 16: e0248120.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248120
Andrieu N, Hossard L, Graveline N, Dugué P, Guerra P, Chirinda N, 2021. Covid-19 management by farmers and policymakers in Burkina Faso, Colombia and France: Lessons for climate action. Agric. Syst. 190:103092.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103092
Aydoğan M, 2022. Internal factors affecting competitiveness in agribusinesses: A case study in the hazelnut sector in Ordu and Giresun provinces of Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 1-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00784-6
Aydoğan M, Demiryürek K, Abacı Nİ, 2018. World hazelnut trade networks. Acta Hortic. 1226: 429-436.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1226.65
Bloem JR, Farris J, 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic and food security in low- and middle-income countries: A review. Agric. Food. Secur. 11:55.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00391-4
Cabore JW, Karamagi HC, Kipruto H, et al. 2020. The potential effects of widespread community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the World Health Organization African Region: A predictive model. BMJ Glob. Health. 5: e002647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002647
Cortignani R, Carulli G, Dono G, 2020. COVID-19 and labour in agriculture: Economic and productive impacts in an agricultural area of the Mediterranean. Ital. J. Agron. 15:172-181.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1653
Dev SM, 2020. Addressing COVID-19 impacts on agriculture, food security, and livelihoods in India. In: J. Swinnen and J. McDermott (ed.) COVID-19 and global food security. Chapter 7, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, pp. 33-35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_07
Fang P, Belton B, Zhang X, Win HE, 2021. Impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar's chicken and egg sector, with implications for the sustainable development goals. Agric. Syst. 190:103094.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103094
Gray RS, 2020. Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID‐19 crisis. Can. J. Agric. Econ. 68:239-243.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12235
Gregorio GB, Glenn B, Rico CA, 2020. Assessing the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on agricultural production in Southeast Asia: toward transformative change in agricultural food systems. Asian J. Agric. Dev. 17:1-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2020.17.1.1
Gu HY, Wang CW, 2020. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on vegetable production and countermeasures from an agricultural insurance perspective. J. Integr. Agric. 19:2866-2876.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63429-3
Habanyati EJ, Paramasivam S, Seethapathy P, Jayaraman A, Kedanhoth R, Viswanathan PK, Manalil S, 2022. Impact of COVID-19 on the agriculture sector: Survey analysis of farmer responses from Kerala and Tamil Nadu States in India. Agronomy, 12:503.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020503
Haqiqi I, Horeh MB, 2021. Assessment of COVID-19 impacts on US counties using the immediate impact model of local agricultural production (IMLAP). Agric. Syst. 190:103132.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103132
Karadeniz O, Akın E, Abacı Nİ, 2021. Child labor in hazelnut agriculture: Case of Giresun, Piraziz district. Anadolu J. Agric. Sci. 36:398-407.
Kırca L, Bak T, Kırca S, Karadeniz T, 2018. Usage areas of hazelnut and its effects on human health. Bahçe. 47: 292-299.
Larue B, 2020. Labor issues and COVID‐19. Can. J. Agric. Econ. 68:231-237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12233
Lin BX, Zhang YY, 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural exports. J. Integr. Agric. 19:2937-2945.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63430-X
Menon A, Schmidt-Vogt D, 2022. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on farmers and their responses: A study of three farming systems in Kerala, South India. Land, 11:144.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010144
Middendorf BJ, Faye A, Middendorf G, Stewart ZP, Jha PK, Prasad PV, 2021. Smallholder farmer perceptions about the impact of COVID-19 on agriculture and livelihoods in Senegal. Agric. Syst. 190:103108.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103108
Morens DM, Fauci AS, 2012. Emerging infectious diseases in 2012: 20 years after the institute of medicine report. MBio. 3: e00494-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00494-12
Nchanji EB, Lutomia CK, Chirwa R, Templer N, Rubyogo JC, Onyango P, 2021. Immediate impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on bean value chain in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Agric. Syst. 188:103034.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103034
Newbold P, 1995. Statistics for business and economics. 8th rev. ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Obese FY, Osei-Amponsah R, Timpong-Jones E, Bekoe E, 2021. Impact of COVID-19 on animal production in Ghana. Anim. Front. 11:43-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa056
Ogada MJ, Justus O, Paul M, Omondi SG, Juma AN, Taracha E, Ahmed H, 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on African indigenous vegetables value chain in Kenya. Agric. Food Secur. 10:1-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00328-3
Okolie CC, Ogundeji AA, 2022. Effect of COVID-19 on agricultural production and food security: A scientometric analysis. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 9:1-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01080-0
Phillipson J, Gorton M, Turner R, Shucksmith M, Aitken-McDermott K, Areal F, Cowie P, Hubbard C, Maioli S, McAreavey R, Souza-Monteiro D, Newbery R, Panzone L, Rowe F, Shortall S, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for rural economies. Sustainability, 12:3973.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103973
Popescu GC, Popescu M, 2021. COVID-19 pandemic and agriculture in Romania: Effects on agricultural systems, compliance with restrictions and relations with authorities. Food Secur. 14:557-567.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01239-8
Pu M, Zhong Y, 2020. Rising concerns over agricultural production as COVID-19 spreads: Lessons from China. Glob. Food Sec. 26:100409.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100409
Pulubuhu DAT, Unde AA, Sumartias S, Sudarmo S, Seniwati S, 2020. The economic impact of COVID-19 outbreaks on the agriculture sector. Int. J. Agr. Syst. 8:57-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v8i1.2337
Reardon T, Swinnen J, 2020. COVID-19 and resilience innovations in food supply chains. In: J. Swinnen and J. McDermott (ed.) COVID-19 and global food security. Part Eight: Chapter 30, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, pp. 132-136.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_30
Restrepo BJ, Rabbitt MP, Gregory CA, 2021. The effect of unemployment on food spending and adequacy: Evidence from coronavirus‐induced firm closures. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy. 43: 185-204.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13143
Rohit J, Nirmala G, Nagasree K, Reddy GS, Vijaykumar S, Singh VK, 2022. Assessment of knowledge and attitude of peri-urban farmers towards Covid-19. J. Community Mobilization Sustain. Dev. 17:7-13.
Shirsath PB, Jat ML, McDonald AJ, Srivastava AK, Craufurd P, Rana DS, Braun H, et al. 2020. Agricultural labor, COVID-19, and potential implications for food security and air quality in the breadbasket of India. Agric. Syst. 185:102954.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102954
Siche R, 2020. What is the impact of COVID-19 disease on agriculture? Sci. Agropecu. 11:3-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.01.00
Štreimikienė D, Baležentis T, Volkov A, Ribašauskienė E, Morkūnas M, Žičkienė A, 2022. Negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic on agriculture: Systematic literature review in the frameworks of vulnerability, resilience and risks involved. Econ. Res-Ekon. Istraz. 35:529-545.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1919542
Tran CT, Truong TTT, Nguyen THL, Nguyen TT, 2020. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder farmers and vulnerable rural people in Vietnam. FFTC J. Agric. Policy. 2:24-32.
Tripathi HG, Smith HE, Sait SM, Sallu SM, Whitfield S, Jankielsohn A, Kunin WE, Mazibuko N, Nyhodo B, 2021.Impacts of COVID-19 on diverse farm systems in Tanzania and South Africa. Sustainability, 13: 9863.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179863
Turkstat, 2021. Turkish Statistical Institute. Consumer price indices. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=enflasyon-ve-fiyat-106&dil=1
Turkstat, 2022. Turkish Statistical Institute. Crop production statistics. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1
Uddin MN, Alam B, Islam SS, Arif M, Alam MM, Kabir SL, 2020. Impact of COVID-19 on food safety and security in low- and middle-income countries. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 6:130-137.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i2.48043
Uğur A, Buruklar T, 2021. Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on agri-food production and farmers. Food Sci. Technol. 42: e19821.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.19821
UNDP, 2020. COVID-19: Rapid Impact Assessment on The Agri-Food Sector and Rural Areas in Turkey. FAO Press, Ankara, Turkey.
Uysal Ş, Gürer B, 2023. Developing a scale about the determining of the farmers’ perceptions and behaviors on climate change: Case of grape producers. Bahçe. 52: 434-442.
Wannaprasert P, Choenkwan S, 2021. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on ginger production: Supply chains, labor, and food security in Northeast Thailand. Forest & Society. 5:120-135.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v5i1.11897
Yılmaz M, 2017. Child labor in hazelnut plants in the province of Giresun. Degree Diss., Akdeniz University, Turkey.
Zankan JAA, Zaky K, Hassan N, Silas SA, 2022. Social and livelihood implication of Covid-19 lockdown on the People of Southern Kaduna State of Nigeria. J. Adv. Res. Stud. 2:1-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52589/JARMS-HEWFFYTV
Zhang S, Wang S, Yuan L, Liu X, Gong B, 2020. The impact of epidemics on agricultural production and forecast of COVID-19. China Agric. Econ. Rev. 12:409-425.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-04-2020-0055
How to Cite
Aydoğan, M. (2023). Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hazelnut production. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2192
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
